1. Product Make-up and Interfacial Design
1.1 Core-Shell Framework and Bonding Mechanism
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments including a high-strength steel core enveloped by a conductive copper layer, creating a metallurgically adhered core-shell architecture.
The steel core, usually low-carbon or stainless-steel, provides mechanical robustness with tensile staminas surpassing 2000 MPa, while the copper layer– normally 2– 10% of the total diameter– imparts exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity.
The user interface between steel and copper is vital for performance; it is engineered via electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding procedures to make certain solid adhesion and very little interdiffusion under functional stresses.
Electroplating is the most common technique, using accurate thickness control and uniform coverage on constant steel filaments drawn with copper sulfate bathrooms.
Proper surface area pretreatment of the steel, including cleaning, pickling, and activation, makes sure optimum nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, protecting against delamination throughout subsequent processing or service.
In time and at raised temperatures, interdiffusion can develop brittle iron-copper intermetallic phases at the interface, which might compromise adaptability and long-term integrity– an obstacle alleviated by diffusion barriers or fast handling.
1.2 Physical and Functional Characteristic
CCSFs combine the best attributes of both basic steels: the high elastic modulus and fatigue resistance of steel with the remarkable conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electric conductivity normally varies from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Requirement (IACS), relying on finish thickness and purity, making CCSF significantly more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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